All waves arrive from a different angle

All waves have a different Doppler shift

Doppler shift of a particular wave

Maximum Doppler shift: f_D = f_c v/c

Joint Signal Model

Infinite number of waves

Uniform distribution of angle of arrival f: f_F(f) = 1/2p

Line spectrum goes into continuous spectrum

Next Step: Find distribution of Doppler shifts

JPL's Wireless Communication Reference Website © Jean-Paul M.G. Linnartz, 1993, 1995.